### Introduction This protocol describes a method to extract cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from human blood samples collected in EDTA K2 vacuum tubes (step 1), or human plasma (step 3). Once samples have undergone the necessary centrifugation steps, the extraction is performed using the [QIAGEN QIAamp MinElute ccfDNA Midi Kit](https://www.qiagen.com/us/products/discovery-and-translational-research/dna-rna-purification/dna-purification/cell-free-dna/qiaamp-minelute-ccfdna-kits/). __Note:__ We recommend that blood samples are processed while fresh, as we have observed potential gDNA contamination arising from blood that has been stored in certain types of collection tubes. Following this extraction method, we recommend the extracted human blood cfDNA library is prepared and sequenced using our [Ligation sequencing V14 - Human cfDNA singleplex (SQK-LSK114)](https://community.nanoporetech.com/docs/prepare/library_prep_protocols/ligation-sequencing-v14-human-cfdna-singleplex-sqk-lsk114) protocol for PromethION. ### Materials - 10 ml of human blood in EDTA K2 vacuum tube, or 3-5 ml of plasma - [QIAamp MinElute ccfDNA Midi Kit](https://www.qiagen.com/us/products/discovery-and-translational-research/dna-rna-purification/dna-purification/cell-free-dna/qiaamp-minelute-ccfdna-kits/) #### Consumables - Qubit dsDNA HS Assay Kit (Invitrogen, Q32851) - 100% ethanol - Isopropanol - Freshly prepared 80% ethanol in nuclease-free water - Nuclease-free water (e.g. ThermoFisher, cat # AM9937) - Qubit™ Assay Tubes (Invitrogen, Q32856) - 5 ml DNA LoBind Eppendorf tubes - 15 ml Falcon tubes - 0.2 ml thin-walled PCR tubes - 1.5 ml Eppendorf DNA LoBind tubes #### Equipment - Centrifuge with capacity for 5 ml and 15 ml tubes, and a swing out and fixed angle rotors - Microfuge - Hula mixer, or a gentle rotation mixer - Magnetic rack for 15 ml tubes - Magnetic rack for microcentrifuge tubes - Vortex - P1000 pipette and tips - P100 pipette and tips - P10 pipette and tips - Thermal cycler - Ice bucket with ice - Qubit fluorometer (or equivalent for QC check)
### Method #### Preparation of plasma from blood 1\. Centrifuge 10 ml of fresh blood (overnight chilled delivery) in the EDTA K2 vacuum tube at 1,900 x g for 10 minutes at 4°C in a swing out rotor centrifuge. 2\. Pipette and transfer the supernatant (this is the plasma fraction) to a fresh 5 ml DNA LoBind Eppendorf tube.
__Note:__ The volume should be around 3.5–4 ml. 3\. To remove residual cells from the plasma, centrifuge the plasma at 16,000 x g for 10 minutes (or 6,000 x g for 30 minutes depending on the spin capacity of the centrifuge) at 4°C, in a fixed angle rotor. __Note:__ It is important to remove residual cells from the sample when the blood/plasma is still fresh (from an overnight chilled delivery). Failing to do so will result in increased amounts of gDNA contamination in the sequencing library. 4\. Aspirate the supernatant and transfer it to a fresh 15 ml tube.
#### Purification of cfDNA from 3–5 ml serum or plasma Using the QIAamp MinElute ccfDNA Midi Kit 5\. Before starting the extraction: - Prepare a shaker for microcentrifuge tubes at room temperature for use in __step 14__. - Preheat a second shaker at 56°C for use in __step 26__. (Alternatively, equilibrate the first shaker to 56°C after __step 14__). - Resuspend Magnetic Bead Suspension (from the QIAGEN QIAamp MinElute ccfDNA Midi Kit) by pulse-vortexing for 1 min.
__Note:__ Do not let the suspension settle for more than 2 min before use. Pipette from the centre of the suspension. 6\. Prepare the buffers for extraction: - Add 8 ml isopropanol (100%) to 12 ml Buffer ACB concentrate to obtain 20 ml Buffer ACB. Mix well after adding isopropanol. - Add 30 ml ethanol (96–100%) to 13 ml Buffer ACW2 concentrate to obtain 43 ml Buffer ACW2. Mix well after adding ethanol. 7\. Mix the following components according to the instructions below in a 15 ml tube. | Component | Volume for 3 ml plasma (µl) | Volume for 4 ml plasma (µl) | Volume for 5 ml plasma (µl) | |---|---|---|---| | Plasma | 3,000 | 4,000 | 5,000 | | Magnetic Bead Suspension | 90 | 120 | 150 | | Proteinase K | 165 | 220 | 275 | | Bead Binding Buffer | 450 | 600 | 750 | | __Total volume__ | __3,705__ | __4,940__ | __6,175__ |
8\. Incubate the reaction for 10 min at room temperature while shaking (at a slow speed) end-over-end. 9\. Spin the tube down briefly (30 seconds at 200 x g) to remove any solution in the cap. 10\. Place the tube containing bead solution into a magnetic rack for 15 ml tubes. Let the tube stand for at least 1 min, until the solution is clear. 11\. Remove and discard supernatant. 12\. Remove the tube from the magnetic rack and add 200 µl of Bead Elution Buffer to the bead pellet. Vortex to resuspend beads, and pipette up and down to mix and rinse residual beads from the tube wall. 13\. Transfer the full volume of mixture (including the beads) into a Bead Elution Tube. 14\. Incubate for 5 min on a shaker for microcentrifuge tubes at room temperature and 300 rpm.
__Note:__ If the same shaker for microcentrifuge tubes is to be used in __step 26__, remove the tubes after the room temperature incubation and equilibrate the shaker to 56°C 15\. Place the Bead Elution Tube containing the bead solution into a magnetic rack for 2 ml tubes. Let the tube stand for at least 1 min, until the solution is clear. 16\. Transfer the supernatant into a new Bead Elution tube. Discard the bead pellet.
__Note:__ Avoid transferring any magnetic beads in this step. Carryover may result in reduced cfDNA yield. 17\. Add 300 µl Buffer ACB to the Bead Elution tube containing the supernatant, and vortex to mix. Briefly centrifuge the tube to remove drops from inside the lid. 18\. Pipet the supernatant–Buffer ACB mixture from the previous step into a QIAamp UCP MinElute column. 19\. Centrifuge for 1 min at 6,000 x g. 20\. Place the QIAamp UCP MinElute column into a clean 2 ml collection tube, and discard the flow-through. 21\. Add 500 µl Buffer ACW2 to the QIAamp UCP MinElute column. 22\. Centrifuge for 1 min at 6,000 x g. 23\. Place the QIAamp UCP MinElute column into a clean 2 ml collection tube, and discard the flow-through. 24\. Centrifuge the QIAamp UCP MinElute column at 20,000 x g for 3 min. 25\. Place the QIAamp UCP MinElute column into a new 1.5 ml elution tube and discard the 2 ml collection tube. 26\. Open the lid of the tube and incubate the assembly in a shaker for microcentrifuge tubes at 56°C for 3 min to dry the membrane completely. 27\. Carefully pipet 50 µl of ultra-clean water into the centre of the membrane. Close the lid and incubate at room temperature for 1 min. 28\. Centrifuge at 20,000 x g for 1 min to elute the DNA. 29\. __To maximise yield from the elution:__ Place the QIAamp UCP MinElute column in a clean 1.5 ml elution tube. Aspirate the eluate from the previous step and reload it onto the centre of the membrane. Close the lid and incubate 1 min at room temperature. 30\. Centrifuge at 20,000 x g for 1 min to elute the DNA. 31\. Quantify 1 µl of eluted sample using a Qubit fluorometer. __Note:__ From 3.5–4 ml of plasma, you can expect a yield of between 15–30 ng cfDNA. We recommend that the fragment length profiles of extracted cfDNA samples are analysed using a Femto Pulse (Agilent), or equivalent (example in Figure 1).
#### Library preparation and sequencing For instructions on library preparation, sequencing and data analysis; proceed with your 15–30 ng of extracted human cfDNA to the "DNA repair and end-prep" section of our library preparation protcol: - [Ligation sequencing V14 - Human cfDNA singleplex (SQK-LSK114)](https://community.nanoporetech.com/docs/prepare/library_prep_protocols/ligation-sequencing-v14-human-cfdna-singleplex-sqk-lsk114) This protocol has been developed for optimal performance and sequencing along with this extraction method.
### Results ![Frag length femtopulse cfDNA singleplex extract](//images.ctfassets.net/jez8sfkjpm66/287ZKEv3ALuYjgSuWb8sSl/c82c153bdeeb72205ebba2e67a7d4b79/Frag_length_femtopulse_cfDNA_singleplex_extract.png) __Figure 1.__ Fragment length profile of extracted cfDNA, run on a Femto Pulse (Agilent). This example shows the characteristic nucleosome peaks with minimal gDNA contamination.
### Sequencing performance Libraries were prepared using the recommended [Ligation sequencing V14 - Human cfDNA singleplex (SQK-LSK114)](https://community.nanoporetech.com/docs/prepare/library_prep_protocols/ligation-sequencing-v14-human-cfdna-singleplex-sqk-lsk114) protocol. ![Sequencing and primary aligned output cfDNA singleplex extract](//images.ctfassets.net/jez8sfkjpm66/7jTBtGoeVU3GWi0rCWXq7L/8aa489e5d21050be6959ceede5980470/Sequencing_and_primary_aligned_output_cfDNA_singleplex_extract_new.png) __Figure 2.__ Sequencing and primary aligned output for 4x replicates of ~15 ng inputs, with each library run on a single PromethION flow cell. Where __a)__ sequencing output averages 70 Gb, __b)__ primary aligned data averages 52 Gb and __c)__ read count averages 227 M.
![Read length profiles cfDNA singleplex extract](//images.ctfassets.net/jez8sfkjpm66/1Q4jIqhmq1ppQnhgr0w7Nk/528708e660aee97d637d54b29fb43a87/Read_length_profiles_cfDNA_singleplex_extract.png) __Figure 3.__ Read length profiles (Q-score ≥10) of total data output for __a)__ Sequencing data, __b)__ Aligned data. The marginal reduction in length of aligned data is due to the informatic removal of sequencing adapter. These profiles are equivalent for each of the 3x replicates. 
### Change log | Version | Change | | --- | --- | | v1, 15th May 2024 | Initial publication |

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